Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin

Picture - Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Place of birth: Konstanz, Grand Duchy of Baden (now part of Baden-Wx¼rttemberg, Germany)
Place of death: Berlin
Allegiance: German Empire

Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin (also known as Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin, Graf Zeppelin and in English, Count Zeppelin) (8 July 1838 - 8 March 1917) was a German general and later aircraft manufacturer, the founder of the Zeppelin Airship company. He was born in Konstanz, Grand Duchy of Baden (now part of Baden-Wx¼rttemberg, Germany).

Family and personal life

Picture - Isabella Grx¤fin von Zeppelin

Ferdinand was the scion of a noble family dating back to the year 1400 in Mecklenburg - Pomeranian. Zepelin, the eponymous hometown of the family, is a small community outside the town of Bx¼tzow.

Ferdinand was the son of Wx¼rttemberg Minister and Hofmarschall Friedrich Jerx´me Wilhelm Karl Graf von Zeppelin (1807-1886) and his wife Amélie Franx§oise Pauline (born Macaire d'Hogguer) (1816-1852). Ferdinand spent his childhood with his sister and brother at their Girsberg manor near Constance, where he was educated by private resident teachers and lived there until his death.

In Berlin on 7 August 1869 Ferdinand married Isabella Freiin von Wolff from the house of Alt-Schwanenburg (Livonia). They had a daughter, Helene (Hella) von Zeppelin (1879-1967) who in 1909 married Alexander Graf von Brandenstein-Zeppelin (1881-1949).

Ferdinand had a nephew Baron Max von Gemmingen who was to later volunteer at the start of World War I, after he was past military age, to become general staff officer assigned to the military airship LZ 12 Sachsen.

Army career

Picture - appointed adjutant in 1865

In 1853 Count Zeppelin left to attend the polytechnic at Stuttgart, and in 1855 he became a cadet of the military school at Ludwigsburg and then started his career as an army officer in the army of Wx¼rttemberg.

By 1858 Zeppelin was Lieutnant in the Army of Wx¼rttemberg and that year he was given leave to study science, engineering and chemistry at Tx¼bingen. The Prussians mobilising for the Austro-Sardinian War interrupted this study in 1859 when he was called up to the Ingenieurkorps (Prussian engineering corps) at Ulm.

In 1863 Zeppelin took leave to act as an observer for the northern troops of the Union's Army of the Potomac in the American Civil War against the Confederates, and later took part in an expedition with Russians and Indians to the source of the Mississippi river and he made his first ascent with Steiner's captive balloon.

Picture - Zeppelin in 1900

In 1865 Zeppelin is appointed adjutant of the King of Wx¼rttemberg and as general staff officer participates in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and is awarded the Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross) of the Order of Distinguished Service of Wx¼rttemberg. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871 his extended ride behind enemy lines (an example of reconnaissance in force) made him famous among Germans.

From 1882 until 1885 Zeppelin was commander of the 19th Uhlans in Ulm, and lastly as envoy of Wx¼rttemberg in Berlin.

In 1890 his role as commander was criticised, leading to his fall from royal grace and he had to retire from the Army of Wx¼rttemberg, albeit with the rank of Generalleutnant.

Airships

Ferdinand von Zeppelin served as a volunteer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. During the Peninsular Campaign, he visited the balloon camp of Thaddeus S. C. Lowe. Lowe sent the curious von Zeppelin to another balloon camp where the German aeronaut John Steiner could be of more help to the young man. His first ascent in a balloon made at Saint Paul, Minnesota, during this visit is said to have been the incentive of his later experiments in aeronautics. In 1869 von Zeppelin returned to America to meet and learn from the experienced Prof. Lowe to gain all the knowledge he could in ballooning.

Back in Germany, von Zeppelin saw active service in the Austrian war of 1866 and in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. From the 1880s onward, Zeppelin was preoccupied with the idea of guidable balloons. He had already outlined an overall construction system in 1874, and had written to the King of Wx¼rttemberg stating that Germany was behind France and that only large airships were practical for military use.

After his resignation from the army in 1891 at age 52, Zeppelin devoted his full attention to airships. He hired engineer Theodor Gross to make tests of possible materials, and had the engines of the time assessed for both fuel efficiency and power to weight ratio. He also had air propellers tested and strove to obtain higher purity hydrogen gas from suppliers. Zeppelin was so confident of his concept that in June 1891 he wrote to the King of Wx¼rttemberg's secretary, announcing he was to start building, and shortly after requested a review from the Prussian Army's Chief of General Staff. The next day Zeppelin gave up as he realised he had underestimated air resistance such that the best engines of the time would not achieve a sufficient velocity.

Zeppelin rethought his position and resumed work on hearing that Rudolf Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld made light but powerful engines, information soon shown to be overoptimistic. Whereupon Zeppelin urged his supporter Max von Duttenhofer to press Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft for more efficient engines so as not to fall behind the French. Duttenhofer wrote to Gross threatening to withdraw support, and Zeppelin shortly sacked Gross, citing Gross' lack of support and that he was "an obstacle in my path".

Despite these setbacks Zeppelin's organization had refined his idea: a rigid aluminium framework covered in a fabric envelope; separate multiple internal gas cells, each free to expand and contract thus obviating the need for ballonets; modular frame allowing addition of sections and gas cells; controls, engines and gondola rigidly attached. After publishing the idea in 1892 he hired engineer Theodor Kober who started work testing and further refining the design. Zeppelin submitted Kober's 1893 detailed designs to the Prussian Airship Service, whose committee reviewed it in 1894. In June 1895 this committee then recommended minimum funds be granted, but withdrew and finally rejected the design in July.

One month later, in August 1895, Zeppelin received a patent for Kober's design, described as an "airship-train" (Lenkbarer Luftfahrzug mit mehreren hintereinanderen angeordneten Tragkx¶rpern.)

In early 1896 Zeppelin's lecture on steerable airship designs given to the Association of German Engineers (VDI) so impressed them that the VDI launched a public appeal for financial support for him. This led to a first contact with Carl Berg who supplied aluminium alloys which Zeppelin had tested, and by May 1898 they, together with Philipp Holzmann, Daimler, Max von Eyth, Carl von Linde, and Friedrich Voith, had formed the joint stock company Gesellschaft zur Fx¶rderung der Luftschiffart. Zeppelin invested 441,000 Marks, over half the total capital. Actual construction then started of what was to be the first successful rigid airship, the Zeppelin LZ1.

Legends later arose that Zeppelin had used the patent and design of David Schwarz's airship of 1897, but these were rejected by Eckener in 1938 and by later reviewers. Zeppelin's design was "radically different" in both its scale and its framework from that of Schwarz.

On 2 July 1900, Zeppelin made the first flight with the LZ 1 over Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen in southern Germany. The airship rose from the ground and remained in the air for 20 minutes, but was wrecked in landing. In 1906, he made two successful flights at a speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and in 1907 attained a speed of 36 miles per hour (58 km/h). As flights became more and more successful, igniting a public euphoria which allowed the Count to pursue the development of his vehicle. In fact, the second version of his airship was entirely financed through donations and a lottery. The final financial breakthrough only came after the Zeppelin LZ4 crashed in 1908 at Echterdingen. The crash sparked public interest in the development of the airships. A subsequent collection campaign raised 6.5 million German marks and the money was used to create the 'Luftschiffbau-Zeppelin GmbH' and a Zeppelin foundation.

The same year the military administration bought the LZ3 and put it to use as the renamed Z1. Starting in 1909, Zeppelins also were used in civilian aviation. Up until 1914 the German Aviation Association (Deutsche Luftschiffahrtsgesellschaft or DELAG) transported 37,250 people on over 1600 flights without an incident. Within a few short years the zeppelin revolution began creating the age of air transportation.

Other aircraft

1899 unrealised plans for a paddlewheel aeroplane
1912 financial support of Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen which was to supply 850 aeroplanes 1917/1918;
1914 commissions Claude Dornier to develop flying boats
1914 founds Versuchsbau Gotha-Ost with Robert Bosch which built a number of Riesenflugzeug (giant aircraft) such as the Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI

Legacy

Picture - Bust of Zeppelin in AERONAUTICUM at Nordholz

Count Zeppelin died in 1917, before the end of World War I. He therefore did not witness either the provisional shutdown of the Zeppelin project due to the Treaty of Versailles or the second resurgence of the zeppelins under his successor Hugo Eckener. The unfinished World War II German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin, and two rigid airships, the world-circling LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, and LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, twin to the Hindenburg, were named after him.

The British rock group Led Zeppelin's name derives from his airship as well. His granddaughter, Countess Eva Von Zeppelin, even once threatened to sue Led Zeppelin for illegal use of their family name while performing in Copenhagen.

In the Monty Python's Flying Circus skit, "The Golden Age of Ballooning" (from episode 40), Count Zeppelin was featured. He became outraged at suggestions that his airship was just a balloon and that he was thinking of naming it after Bismarck. The offending parties (including von Bx¼low and Tirpitz) were hurled out of the zeppelin, crashing through the roof of a house.

Airship
Zeppelin
Hindenburg disaster
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
German inventors and discoverers
David Schwarz (aviation inventor)

Dooley, Sean C. 2004. The Development of Material-Adapted Structural Form - Part II: Appendices. THxˆSE NO 2986 (2004), x‰cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Eckener, Hugo. 1938. Count Zeppelin: The Man and His Work, translated by Leigh Fanell, London -- Massie Publishing Company, Ltd. -- (ASIN: B00085KPWK) (online extract pages 155-157, 210-211)
Lehmann, Ernst A.; Mingos, Howard. 1927. The Zeppelins. The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zepplins Air Raids in the World War. Chapter I GERMAN AIRSHIPS PREPARE FOR WAR
Vissering, Harry. 1922. Zeppelin: The Story of a Great Achievement

Further reading

Vx¶mel, Alexander (1909-19-33), Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Ein Mann der Tat

Ferdinand von Zeppelin Pictures

More aircraft.

Source: WikiPedia