Soko J-22 Orao

Role: Strike fighter
Manufacturer: SOKO
Designed by: VTI - Yugoslavia INCAS - Romania
First flight: November 1976
Introduced: 1978
Status: Active
Primary users: Yugoslav Air Force Serbian Air Force
Variants: IAR-93 Vultur

The Soko J-22 Orao (Eagle) is a twin-engined, subsonic, close support, ground-attack and tactical reconnaissance aircraft, with secondary capability as a low level interceptor. It was designed as a single-seat main attack version or as a combat capable two-seat version for advanced flying and weapon training. It was developed as a joint Yugoslav-Romanian project in the 1970s for the air forces of both nations, SOKO building it in Yugoslavia, and Avioane Craiova as the IAR-93 Vultur in Romania.

Development

On 20 May 1971, the governments of Romania and Yugoslavia signed an agreement for the formation of YuRom, a joint R&D venture. The program was headed by Dipl. Dr. Engineer Teodor Zanfirescu of Romania and Colonel Vidoje Knezević of Yugoslavia. The aircraft was intended as a replacement for the lightly armed Soko J-21 Jastreb and the Republic F-84 Thunderjet, then in the JNA arsenal.

The requirements called for a light aircraft to be built on a simple structure, using locally produced equipment and avionics, tough (able to operate on grass or damaged runways), easy to maintain and reliable. The aircraft was of conventional twin-engine, high mounted wing monoplane configuration with all flying surfaces swept. The designers originally planned a single-engined supersonic aircraft, but Britain would not authorize the license for the engine the designers wanted (due to Romania being in the Warsaw Pact), so the less-powerful Rolls-Royce Viper was chosen as the powerplant, as Soko had experience with license-building this engine. It was originally intended that an afterburner would be developed for the Viper engines, but there were prolonged difficulties with this project, meaning that none of the pre-production aircraft featured it, and neither did early production examples. During the 1980s, both countries developed slightly different versions to take advantage of the afterburning engines that had since become available.

The Yugoslav prototype 25002 made its first flight in November 1976 from Batajnica Air Base near Belgrade, with Major Vladislav Slavujević at the controls.

The third aircraft, numbered 003, a pre-production two-seater version, made its first flight on 4 July 1977, but was lost almost a year later due to tail flutter problems. Construction continued, and the first batches of pre-production machines were delivered in 1978 to the Air Force Aircraft Testing Facility in Belgrade, with serial production being set up in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

On 22 November 1984, Orao 25101 piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen broke the sound barrier in a shallow dive over Batajnica Air Base, becoming the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed Mach 1. The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as subsonic.

Design

The J-22 is a twin-engined combat jet aircraft for close air support, ground attack and tactical reconnaissance warplane with limited air-defense capability

Standard communication and navigation equipment, plus (fire control and weapons management) Thompson-CSF VE-120T HUD replacing the original Ferranti ISIS D-282 gyro sight (defensive sensors and systems) Iskra SO-1 RWR and provision for up to three chaff/flare dispensers and P10-65-13 passive jammer pod, and (navigation) Honeywell SGP500 twin-gyro platform; there is also provision for an optical/IR reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod

Operational history

Picture - Yugoslav J-22 deploying drogue parachute.

The first SFR Yugoslav Air Force unit which received J-22 aircraft was the 351st (reconnaissance aviation squadron) from 82nd Aviation Brigade, Cerklje. Until the 1991 war, there were only three squadrons fully equipped with J-22 attack aircraft and NJ-22 trainer-attack aircraft. Those units were the 238th (fighter-bomber aviation squadron) from 82nd Aviation Brigade, 241st and 98nd Aviation Brigade and 242nd and 127th Fighter-Bomber Regiment, Golubovci Airbase. There were also about three squadrons partly equipped with J-22 aircraft.

At the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, in Slovenia, J-22s flew over in a show of force, but did not drop any bombs. The first offensive action by the J-22 was in 1991 when the Yugoslav National Army used them to strike targets in Croatia. They were used in attacks on arms dealers which were smuggling weapons into Croatia. During the first year of war three J-22s were shot down, NJ-22 flown by Lieutenant Colonel Muse Begić who ejected safely and a J-22 flown by Major Z.Tomić (KIA) from 238th. After the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia, 82nd Aviation Brigade was relocated from Cerklje to Banja Luka Mahovljani air base. In 1992 when the Bosnian war started, the JNA left one squadron of J-22s to Republika Srpska Air Force, that squadron was the 238th. Those aircraft were used in numerous combat operations during the war.

In 1999, Yugoslav J-22s saw limited combat against the KLA flying 20 combat missions. One J-22, piloted by Lt. Colonel Života x�urić was lost on 25 March 1999 in unclear circumstances, either through malfunction, pilot error or KLA ground fire. In addition, 11 aircraft were destroyed on the ground, most at Ponikve airbase when a NATO air strike hit one hangar with six J-22 and two MiG-21 aircraft.

On 3 June 2010, a Serbian Air Force Orao, piloted by Major Slobodan Jocić, crashed in central Serbia. The aircraft's landing gear malfunctioned, forcing the pilot to direct the aircraft into a lake and eject. The pilot was rescued soon after the incident.

Variants

Picture - NJ-2 twin seat version of Orao

IJ-22 Orao 1 This designation is applied to the 15 Yugoslav-built pre-production aircraft (including a few completed to INJ-22A Orao two-seat standard) with the non-afterburning powerplant and used for the tactical reconnaissance role with a centerline pod carrying optical and/or IR sensors. In other respects, the IJ-22A Orao 1 differs from the J-22B Orao 2 in details such as its powerplant of two Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry and supplied with fuel from an internal weight of 2,360 kg, length of 14.90 m including probe for single seat model or 15.38 m including probe for two-seat model, wheelbase of 5.40 m for single-seat model or 5.88 m for two-seat model, empty equipped weight of 5,755 kg, normal takeoff weight of 8,500 kg with reconnaissance pod, maximum take-off weight of 9500, maximum level speed ‘clean’ of 1,033 km/h at 8,000 m and 1,050 km/h at sea level, maximum rate of climb at sea level of 2,280 m per minute, climb to 6000 m in 3 minutes 12 seconds, and service ceiling of 13,500 m. J-22A Orao 1 This is the Yugoslav variant equivalent to the IAR-93A with a non-afterburning powerplant of two Orao/Turbomecanica (Rolls-Royce/Bristol Siddeley) Viper Mk 632-41R turbojets each rated at 17.79 kN dry, but the larger and more diverse weapons load of the J-22B carried on that variant’s higher-rated hardpoints. The variant first flew in October 1983 and was built only in single-seat form. J-22B Orao 2 This is the Yugoslav variant equivalent to the IAR-93B with an afterburning powerplant, integral wing tankage, the greater weapons load and diversity of the J-22A Orao 1, and Thomson-CSF HUD. The variant is being built only in single-seat form, and J-22A/B production will total 165 aircraft. Yugoslavia planned a major upgrade of its J-22 Oraos with a radar and a computer nav/attack system integrated via a MIL 1553B digital database, but the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the civil war of the early 1990s made this an unlikely happenstance. NJ-22 Orao This is the dedicated two- seat reconnaissance variant operated by the Yugoslav Air Force with provision for a reconnaissance pod (with optical and IR sensors) carried on the centerline hardpoint. The type first flew in July 1986, and 35 were delivered in NJ-22A Orao 1 and NJ-22B Orao 2 forms with non-afterburning and afterburning powerplants respectively.

Operators

Current

Serbia

Serbian Air Force - Currently operates ~30 J-22s

Former

Republika Srpska

The Bosnian Serb Air force formerly operated 7 J-22's.

Yugoslavia

Yugoslav Air Force

Survivors

Picture - Yugoslavian J-22 Orao exhibited in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade.

Most produced J-22 aircraft were withdrawn from use and 16 of them are currently owned by aviation museums.

Soko/CNIAR IJ-22 Orao 1 25001, prototype preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25710, preserved at Topola. 25719, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25721, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25723, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25724, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade.

Soko/CNIAR INJ-22 Orao 1 25606, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade.

Soko/CNIAR J-22 Orao 2 25101, gate guard at Pančevo "UTVA" Aircraft Factory (first J-22 to break the sound barrier). 25107, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25118, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25120, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25168, gate guard at Kraljevo-Lađevci Military Airbase.

Soko/CNIAR NJ-22 Orao 2D 25505, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25506, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25509, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade. 25511, preserved at MJV Museum in Belgrade.

Specifications (J-22M)

Picture - Three point view

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94

General characteristics

Crew: one, pilot
Length: 13.02 m (42 ft 8� in)
Wingspan: 9.30 m (30 ft 6� in)
Height: 4.52 m (14 ft 10 in)
Wing area: 26.00 m� (279.9 ft�)
Empty weight: 5,550 kg (12,125 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 11,080 kg (24,427 lb)
Powerplant: 2 x� Turbomecanica/Orao-built Rolls-Royce Viper Mk 633-47 turbojet
Dry thrust: 17.79 kN (4,000 lbf) each
Thrust with afterburner: 22.24 kN (5,000 lbf) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 1,130 km/h (610 knots, 702 mph) at sea level
Stall speed: 185 km/h (100 knots, 115 mph)
Combat radius: 522 km (282 nmi, 324 mi) (four BL755 cluster bombs and one 1,500 L drop tank)
Ferry range: 1,320 km ()
Service ceiling: 15,000 m (49,210 ft)
Rate of climb: 89 m/s (17,520 ft/min)

Armament

Guns: 2 x� 23 mm GSh-23L cannons
Hardpoints: Five (four underwing and one centreline) with a capacity of 500 kg (1,100 lb) (wing pylons), 800 kg (1,770 lb) (centreline pylons) - total capacity 2,800 kg (6,200 lb)
Missiles: AGM-65 Maverick TV guided AGM or Grom-1 Radio-guided AGM (based on Soviet Kh-23)
Bombs: MK series bombs, BL755 cluster bombs, Durandal runway attack bombs

Related development

IAR-93 Vultur

Comparable aircraft

AMX International AMX
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
Mikoyan MiG-27
Mitsubishi F-1
Nanchang Q-5
SEPECAT Jaguar

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes: The Development and Specifications of All Active Military Aircraft. New York: MetroBooks, 1995. ISBN 1-58663-207-8.
Gunston, Bill. Encyclopedia Of World Air Power. London: Crescent, 1987. ISBN 0-51749-969-X.
Lambert, Mark (ed.). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.

Soko J-22 Orao Pictures

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Source: WikiPedia